The Wurlitzer 4600 Series
Electrostatic Organ
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Here
we see several pictures of some of the reeds and their associated pickups.
In these pans, which are the most easily accessible, the reeds have one
or two pickups. The one pickup reeds are used for the lowest bass or sub
octave [low CCC or 16' C] and also the very highest octave. The three
pickup reeds are used for the first and second octaves of reeds beginning
at the note CC or in pipe organ parlance, 8' C. |
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Left, the equipment density
within the reed pans is quite high as this picture shows. The next picture
shows this in more detail. |
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Right. Here's a better look.
You can see the individual brass reeds mounted on their shal-lots which are
in turn mounted on Bakelite strips so that they are insulated from the reed
unit structure. You can also see the commoning wire that connects all the
shallots and ultimately takes the combined signals to the load resistor and
then the input stage of the amplifier. Notice also the sheet metal shields that isolate the pickups from adjacent reeds to prevent the picking up of signals from nearby reeds. Voltages are high, resistances are very high and signal levels are very low, all of which are conducive to sensitivity and pickup of stray signals from not only adjacent reeds but 60 Hz AC power and also radio frequency signals. The main function of the steel pans, besides protecting and sealing the reed unit is for electromagnetic interference shielding to keep out AC power hum and RF interference from being pickup up and creating extra noises in the speakers. Notice also the adjustable blast gate. Here the air from the high pressure side of the system is admitted to the interior of the pan. The air then passes inward through the reeds to make them vibrate. |
Roll mouse cursor over picture to see details. |
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Because
the reeds vibrate all the time when the instrument is powered on, if they
vibrated at a high amplitude, they could ultimately develop metal fatigue
and break. The blast gates serve to cut down the air flow to just what
is needed to get the reeds going and keep them vibrating. Because these
reeds are not used as sources of acoustic sound, they do not have to work
hard like the reeds of accordions and reed organs. The blast gates are
set to limit the airflow to just enough to keep the reeds moving. Each
pan feed channel is fitted with a blast gate, Roll mouse cursor over pictures
for details. |
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Left.
This picture shows the arrangement in still more detail. Here you can
see part of the pickups that are over the reeds, and also the sheet metal
pickups at the front edges of the reeds. Notice also that the reeds are
not in exact order of pitch but are arranged in pitch intervals that are
not closely related. This prevents adjacent reeds from pulling into synchronism
or interfering with each other's vibration rates. As is evident from these
pictures, the electrostatic reed system is a mechanically very complex
device and also a very close-tolerance unit. It is probably because of
the great expense required to produce it that Wurlitzer discontinued this
system in 1961 and all of their subsequent electronic organs used conventional
solid state systems similar to those found in many other electronic organs
of that era. Nevertheless, when it is working correctly, the electrostatic
system gives very good results, stays in tune indefinitely, and is a marvel
of mechanical workmanship.
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